Digital Governance and Hotspot GeoInformatics for Monitoring, Etiology, Early Warning, and Sustainable Management

And therefore, z λ < λ < λz and rz = λz/λ>1 and r z = z λ /λ <1. In this paper, we attempt to improve on the upper level set (ULS) scan system by improving the nodal quality and quantity of the upper level set tree, using PULSE, the progressive upper level set scan system. Here we generalize the ULS notion of the rank of a cell, while the original ULS algorithm ranked cells only by a single response variable, typically disease rate, we now propose ranking cells by other criteria as well, such as their likelihood values. The comparative performance of PULSE is investigated with circular scan and with genetic algorithmic scan. This two pager white paper provides salient features and the skeleton. We can now state HA alternately in terms of relative risks: HA: There exists a cluster/hotspot z, i.e., (1) ra = rz > 1, a∈ z, and (2) ra = r z <1, a∈ z . ULS Setup : Conditional Test : Conditional Simulation {ya}/y ~ Multinomial (y, { = r a p aπa}), H0 : ra = 1 : 0 a p = πa , a∈ M. HA : (1) λa = λz : = r A a p z 0 a p , rz >1, a∈ z. (2) λa = z λ : = A a p z r 0 a p , z r <1, a∈ z . (3) λz > z λ , i.e. z z r r > . General Terms Maximum Likelihood Estimation Algorithms, Measurements, Performance a λ̂ = ya/Na = a y